A Materials Perspective on Direct Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries: Principles,Challenges and Opportunities |
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Authors: | Panpan Xu Darren H S Tan Binglei Jiao Hongpeng Gao Xiaolu Yu Zheng Chen |
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Institution: | 1. Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093 USA;2. Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123 P. R. China;3. Program of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093 USA |
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Abstract: | As the dominant means of energy storage technology today, the widespread deployment of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) would inevitably generate countless spent batteries at their end of life. From the perspectives of environmental protection and resource sustainability, recycling is a necessary strategy to manage end-of-life LIBs. Compared with traditional hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical recycling methods, the emerging direct recycling technology, rejuvenating spent electrode materials via a non-destructive way, has attracted rising attention due to its energy efficient processes along with increased economic return and reduced CO2 footprint. This review investigates the state-of-the-art direct recycling technologies based on effective relithiation through solid-state, aqueous, eutectic solution and ionic liquid mediums and thoroughly discusses the underlying regeneration mechanism of each method regarding different battery chemistries. It is concluded that direct regeneration can be a more energy-efficient, cost-effective, and sustainable way to recycle spent LIBs compared with traditional approaches. Additionally, it is also identified that the direct recycling technology is still in its infancy with several fundamental and technological hurdles such as efficient separation, binder removal and electrolyte recovery. In addressing these remaining challenges, this review proposes an outlook on potential technical avenues to accelerate the development of direct recycling toward industrial applications. |
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Keywords: | cathode materials direct recycling graphite anode materials Li-ion batteries renewable energy |
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