TiO2 nanotubes fabricated by electrochemical anodization in molten o-H3PO4-based electrolyte: Properties and applications |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Faculty of Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 11, Carol I Blvd., 700506 Iasi, Romania;2. Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 25, Technikerstrasse A, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;3. Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 67, Dimitrie Mangeron Blvd., 700050 Iasi, Romania;4. Department of Research, Faculty of Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 11, Carol I Blvd., 700506 Iasi, Romania;5. National Institute of Research and Development for Technical Physics, 47, Dimitrie Mangeron Blvd., 700050 Iasi, Romania;6. Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, 41a, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania;1. Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China;2. Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 99 Haike Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, PR China;3. Department of Creative Industry, Kainan University, No. 1, Kainan Road, Luchu, Taoyuan County 338, Taiwan, ROC |
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| Abstract: | Self-organized TiO2 nanotubes (NTs) can be formed by electrochemical anodization. Anodization is generally performed in aqueous or organic electrolytes containing halogen ions, such as Cl− and F−. However, these electrolytes lead to less ordered structures or carbon remnants, thus suppressing the electrical properties and limiting the applications. To overcome these limitations, new anodization approaches were performed in carbon-free electrolyte-based electrolyte. In this review, we summarizes the short history of TiO2 NTs, general mechanisms of growing NTs, properties, and applications of classic TiO2 NTs. Then, a new-generation of anodization approach conducted in molten orhto-phosphoric acid is elucidated based on anodization parameters, concluding the optimized condition to form highly ordered TiO2 NT arrays. Finally, the review addresses further modifications such as heat-treatment, noble metal deposition, thermal dewetting, and double anodization to enhance the optical and electrical properties for use in various applications. |
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| Keywords: | Anodization Aqueous electrolyte Carbon-free electrolyte Molten phosphoric acid |
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