Dual nanocatalysts co-decorated three-dimensional,laser-induced graphene hybrid nanomaterials integrated with a smartphone portable electrochemical system for point-of-care non-enzymatic glucose diagnosis

Non-enzymatic biosensors based on various nanomaterials with large surface-volume ratios and high catalytic efficiencies have been proposed to compensate for the non-stability and high cost of enzymatic biosensors. However, the construction of a stable, highly sensitive, flexible, three-dimensional (3D), microstructured, non-enzymatic biosensor integrated with a smartphone-based portable system has been challenging. Herein, highly conductive laser-induced graphene (LIG) array with a honeycomb-like 3D microstructure co-decorated with copper(I) oxide and gold nanocatalysts was developed via simple and green electro-deposition and chemical reduction approaches for a miniaturized electrochemical flexible non-enzymatic biosensor. SEM, XRD, Raman and XPS analyzations indicated that the Cu₂O and Au nanocatalysts co-decorated three-dimensional, laser-induced graphene hybrid nanomaterials were developed successfully. The signal of the biosensor was improved by more than 10 fold compared to the LIG alone due to the co-decorated with copper(I) oxide and gold nanocatalysts. The fabricated electrochemical biochip was integrated with a smartphone-based microstation for glucose monitoring, presenting a larger linear interval of 1–20 mM with an excellent sensitivity of 236 μA/mM/cm² and a relatively low detection limit of 0.31 μM. Noticeably, the biochip could measure blood sugar on curved surfaces and still deliver stable sensing signals after being bent back-and-forth 25 times. The novel biosensor is a potentially valuable flexible electronic device. The hybrid nanomaterials developed in this work may be applicable to other biosensing, catalytic, and energy devices (supercapacitors and batteries).