Biohybrid bacterial microswimmers with metal-organic framework exoskeletons enable cytoprotection and active drug delivery in a harsh environment |
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Authors: | Y Li S Tang Z Cong D Lu Q Yang Q Chen X Zhang S Wu |
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Institution: | 1. Institute of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, PR China;2. Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Department of Chemistry & Biological Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China;3. Teaching Center of Shenzhen Luohu Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515000, PR China |
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Abstract: | The inspiring idea of using motile bacteria as bioengines to create biohybrid microswimmers has been realized by integrating functionalized cargos with bacteria recently. However, existing pernicious factors in ambient conditions, such as enzymes, may attack bacterial microsystems when they are executing tasks. Here, a versatile bacterial microswimmer system with cytoprotective metal-organic framework (MOF) exoskeletons is reported, capable of protecting the bioengine from enzyme degradation. Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) nanoparticles (NPs) are fully coated on the surface of motile bacteria (Escherichia coli MG1655) through tannic acid (TA) complexation. The ZIF-8 wrapping is demonstrated with negligible influence on bacterial motility under optimized conditions. Moreover, ZIF-8@E. coli microswimmers still maintain their shapes and motion performance in the presence of lysozyme, verifying the effective preservation of formed ZIF-8 exoskeletons on the bacterial surface. Coupling with the drug loading capacity of ZIF-8, Doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded ZIF-8@E. coli microsystems retain their effective propulsion after being treated with lysozyme, enabling the accelerated crossing through the Transwell membrane and improving anticancer efficacy compared with passive drugs. The fabricated bacterial microswimmers were also verified with chemotactic motion and prolonged retention time in the mouse bladder, holding great potential to design an active medical platform with improved therapeutic efficacy for targeted disease treatment, such as bladder cancer. Combining bacteria with MOFs generates multifunctional biohybrid microswimmers with capabilities of cytoprotection and active drug delivery. Such design facilitates the development of active biosystems to apply in harsh environments and meets rigorous requirements in clinical biomedical applications. |
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Keywords: | Bacteria-driven microrobots Porous ZIF-8 Cell surface engineering Cytoprotective exoskeleton Drug delivery |
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