Dangling bond-induced graphitization process on the (111) surface of diamond nanoparticles

The intrinsic mechanism of graphitization occurring on the (111) surface of nanodiamonds (NDs) during the transformation from NDs into bucky diamonds are explored using density functional theory (DFT) computations in conjunction with density functional based tight-binding simulations. The DFT results indicate that dangling bonds (DBs) on the ND surfaces play an important role in the graphitization process, and the orientation of the DBs on different ND surfaces determines whether there will be a graphitization process or not. Moreover, a criterion is proposed to estimate rupturing of the C-C bonds between different layers on the [111] direction in the NDs and is verified to be applicable to illustrate the phase transformation from sp(3) into sp(2) bonding structures. The energy contributions of the four-coordinated carbon atoms located at different positions on the (111) surface are exhibited for the first time and discussed in detail to gain a clear picture for the transition from NDs into bucky diamonds. The outcome may provide a deeper understanding on the influence of DBs upon the transformation from sp(3) into sp(2) bonding structures.