Electron spectroscopy for atoms,molecules and condensed matter - an overview

A discussion of factors related to improved resolution in electron Spectroscopy for different modes of excitation is given. Some examples are presented from recent studies of solids, gases and liquids, together with some aspects on angular distributions. A new type of time-of-flight instrument is described where the electrons drift in a strong magnetic field with a $\text{1}\text{r}{}^2$ dependence. A ‘modular’ instrument for different modes of excitation of gases, liquids and solids is presented. A symbiosis of ESCA and lasers concerns studies of excited or fragment molecules (free radicals) and excited surfaces.