Grey screening-photovoltaic soliton-induced waveguides

This paper shows that waveguides induced by grey screening-photovoltaic solitons are always single mode for allintensity ratios, which are the ratio between the peak intensity of the soliton and the dark irradiance. It finds thatthe confined energy near the centre of the grey soliton and the propagation constant of the guided mode increasemonotonically with increasing intensity ratio. On the other hand, when the soliton greyness increases, the confinedenergy near the centre of the grey soliton and the propagation constant of the guided mode reduce monotonically.When the bulk photovoltaic effect is neglected for short circuits, these waveguides become waveguides induced bygrey screening solitons. When the external bias field is absent, these waveguides become waveguides induced by greyphotovoltaic solitons.