Nanocellulose characteristics from the inner and outer layer of banana pseudo-stem prepared by TEMPO-mediated oxidation

Many tonnes of agricultural wastes are generated annually, which contains a relatively high amount of cellulose; banana pseudo-stem is one waste type that is a promising material for nanocellulose production. This research characterised nanocellulose from inner and outer layers of banana pseudo-stem as a preliminary research strategy for designing biodegradable packaging material from banana pseudo-stem nanocellulose. Nanocellulose was successfully prepared through TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl)-mediated oxidation. The extracted nanocellulose from both the inner and outer layers had observed widths of approximately 7–35 nm and long fibrillated fibre. They had high negative zeta potential (lower than ?33.6) that provided good colloidal stability. The purity of the nanocellulose was high as demonstrated by ¹³C solid-state NMR and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Nanocellulose from both layers was significantly more crystalline than the raw materials. Thermal stability of nanocellulose sourced from inner and outer layers was relatively similar, with degradation temperature of approximately 220 °C, which was slightly lower than the degradation temperature of its native form (232 °C for inner layer and 261 °C for outer layer).