论庄子、康德"自然"观之异同

庄子的“自然”是与“道”融合的,它是外部自然界及其规律与主体相契合的结果,具有自然而然的发生、发展、变化的特点;康德的“自然”则是相对于物自体而存在的“现象界的全部”,它包括外在物理学意义上的自然和内在心理学意义上的自然,是主体对象化的产物,体现了主体的先验综合能力。两相比较,庄子的“自然”居于本体层面,强调人与自然的浑融天成,康德的“自然”则带有鲜明的主体烙印,认为人是自然的立法者,自然属于认识论的范畴。这种差异与中西方思维方式以及两人所处的不同社会、时代和学术背景是相关的。

On the Similarities and Differences between Zhuangzi and Kant's Nature Views

Embarking from the relations of subjectivity and objectivity, this essay inspects the similarities and differences about "the nature views" which Zhuangzi and Kant had severally discussed. Zhuangzi syncretized the nature with "Tao", that is the result which exterior nature and its rule agree with subjectivity. Naturally, there is a arising, developing and changeable characteristic; Kant considered the nature as "the Entirety of Phenomenon field" which relatively consists in the things in itself. The nature includes the external physical and the intrinsic psychological nature, which is the result of how subjectivity has been objectified. It embodies subjectivity transcendental synthesizing capacity. Zhuangzi' s nature resides in ontological sphere and emphasizes that the human beings and nature are of one, however Kant' s nature has bright subjectivity brand. He thinks the human being is the natural legislator, and the nature belongs to the epistemological category. This kind of difference is related to the mode of thought between the east and the west, and to the different society, time, the academic background where they both lived.