Analysis,fate studies and monitoring of the antifungal agent clotrimazole in the aquatic environment |
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Authors: | Manuela Peschka Paul H Roberts Thomas P Knepper |
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Institution: | Europa University of Applied Sciences Fresenius, Limburger Strasse 2, 65510 Idstein, Germany. |
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Abstract: | The analysis and presence of clotrimazole, an antifungal agent with logK
OW > 4, was thoroughly studied in the aquatic environment. For that reason analytical methods based on gas chromatography–mass
spectrometry and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry were developed and validated to quantify clotrimazole with
limits of quantification down to 5 and 1 ng/L, respectively. Both methods were compared in an intercalibration exercise. The
complete mass-spectrometric fragmentation pattern could be elucidated with the aid of quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry.
Since clotrimazole tends to adsorb to laboratory glassware, studies on its adsorption behaviour were made to ensure the appropriate
handling of water samples, e.g. pH, storage time, pretreatment of sampling vessels or material of the vials used for final
extracts. The phenomena of adsorption to suspended matter were investigated while analysing different waste-water samples.
Application of the methods in various investigated wastewater and surface water samples demonstrated that clotrimazole could
only be detected in the low nanogram per litre range of anthropogenic influenced unfiltered water samples after acidification
to pH 2. |
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Keywords: | Clotrimazole Analysis Adsorption Environment Mass spectrometry |
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