Stereochemical studies—VIII Unequivocal determination of the absolute configuration in biaryl systems

According to the reaction sequences shown in Figs 1-5, the absolute configuration of optically active biaryl derivatives such as biphenyl, binaphthyl, bianthryl and bianthroaquinonyl have been clearly established, based on the standard compound (R)-(+)-I, in the binaphthyl system, whose absolute configuration was unequivocally determined by the anomalous X-ray diffraction method.