Selected drugs in solid matrices: a review of environmental determination, occurrence and properties of principal substances

After intake, drugs absorbed by human or animal organisms are subject to metabolic reactions, such as hydroxylation, cleavage or glucuronation. However, a significant amount of the original or the metabolized substance leaves the organism via urine or feces. Thanks to improvements in analytical chemistry, many pharmaceutical compounds and endocrine disrupters are more easily detected in the surface-water and waste-water environmental compartments, at ppb concentrations.But what contaminates our solid environmental matrices? These substances can be eliminated by sorption or biodegradation but, at present, there is not enough data to allow evaluation of the behavior of the substances through the solid compartment, such as soil, sludge and bio-waste.This article provides an overview of the occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds in solid matrices on the basis of the quantities used, their physico-chemical properties and data from literature indicating the potential of the drug to persist in sediment, soil or sludge.