3D quantitative image analysis of open-cell nickel foams under tension and compression loading using X-ray microtomography

The deformation behaviour and fracture of an open-cell nickel foam were analysed using X-ray microtomography at the ESRF, Grenoble, France. In situ tensile and compression tests were performed at a resolution of 2 and 10 μm. The initial morphology of the foam was studied using 3D image analysis. Parameters such as the cell volume and strut length distributions, number of faces per cell, number of nodes per face and the shape of the most representative cells were determined. The cells are shown to be non-spherical due to the initial geometrical anisotropy of the polyurethane foam template and to the load applied to the nickel foam during processing. This geometrical anisotropy is shown to be related to the observed anisotropy of the elastic properties of the material using a simple beam model. In tension, bending, stretching and alignment of struts are observed. A tensile test in the longitudinal direction is shown to reinforce the privileged orientations of the cells. In contrast, a tensile test in the transverse direction leads to a more isotropic distribution of the cells. These features are illustrated by pole figures of the three axes of equivalent ellipsoids for all cells at different strain levels. Compression tests are associated with strain localization phenomena due to the buckling of struts in a weaker region of the foam. Finally, study of open-cell nickel foam fracture shows that cracks initiate at nodes during tensile tests and that the damaged zone is about five cells wide. Free edge effects on crack initiation are also evidenced.