Interactions between tumor-derived proteins and Toll-like receptors |
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Authors: | Gun-Young Jang Ji won Lee Young Seob Kim Sung Eun Lee Hee Dong Han Kee-Jong Hong Tae Heung Kang Yeong-Min Park |
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Institution: | 1.Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, 268 Chungwon-daero Chungju-si Chungcheongbuk-do, 27478 Seoul, South Korea ;2.R&DB Foundation, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, South Korea |
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Abstract: | Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are danger signals (or alarmins) alerting immune cells through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to begin defense activity. Moreover, DAMPs are host biomolecules that can initiate a noninflammatory response to infection, and pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs) perpetuate the inflammatory response to infection. Many DAMPs are proteins that have defined intracellular functions and are released from dying cells after tissue injury or chemo-/radiotherapy. In the tumor microenvironment, DAMPs can be ligands for Toll-like receptors (TLRs) expressed on immune cells and induce cytokine production and T-cell activation. Moreover, DAMPs released from tumor cells can directly activate tumor-expressed TLRs that induce chemoresistance, migration, invasion, and metastasis. Furthermore, DAMP-induced chronic inflammation in the tumor microenvironment causes an increase in immunosuppressive populations, such as M2 macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and regulatory T cells (Tregs). Therefore, regulation of DAMP proteins can reduce excessive inflammation to create an immunogenic tumor microenvironment. Here, we review tumor-derived DAMP proteins as ligands of TLRs and discuss their association with immune cells, tumors, and the composition of the tumor microenvironment.Subject terms: Immune cell death, Cancer microenvironment |
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