Thioformaldehyde S-methylide and thioacetone S-methylide: an ab initio MO study of structure and cycloaddition reactivity

The mechanisms of cycloaddition of thioformaldehyde S-methylide and thioacetone S-methylide, as models for an alkyl-substituted ylide, to thioformaldehyde and thioacetone, as well as to ethene as a model for a C=C double bond have been studied by ab initio calculations. Restricted and unrestricted B3LYP/6-31G* calculations were performed for the geometries of ground states, transition structures, and intermediates. Although basis sets with more polarization functions were tested, the 6-31G* basis set was applied throughout. Single-point CASPT2 calculations are reported for analysis of the unsubstituted system. The stabilities of structures with high biradical character seem to be overestimated by DFT methods in comparison to CASPT2. The general trends of the results are independent of the level of theory. Thioformaldehyde adds to thioformaldehyde S-methylide without activation energy, and the activation energies for two-step biradical pathways to 1,3-dithiolane are low. C,S biradicals are more stable than C,C biradicals. The two-step cycloaddition is not competitive with the concerted cycloaddition. Methyl substitution in the 1,3-dipole and the dipolarophile does not change the mechanistic relationships. TSs for the concerted formation of the regioisomeric cycloadducts of thioacetone Smethylide and thioacetone were located. Concerted addition remains the preferred reaction. The reactivity of the C=S double bond is high relative to that of the C=C double bond.