Calendula officinalis-based green synthesis of titanium nanoparticle: Fabrication,characterization, and evaluation of human colorectal carcinoma

Calendula officinalis is a flowering plant with various applications in traditional medicine. The herbal products of the plant are also used in pharmaceuticals or food. In this study. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles were synthesized using Calendula officinalis extract in an aqueous medium. The plant extract plays a role as the stabilizing and reducing agent. The nanoparticles were characterized by UV–Vis. and FT-IR spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, and Energy EDS techniques. In the cellular and molecular part of the recent study, the treated cells with TiNPs@C. officinalis were assessed by MTT assay for 48 h about the cytotoxicity and anti-human colorectal carcinoma properties on normal (HUVEC) and colorectal carcinoma cell lines i.e. WiDr, SW1417 [SW-1417], DLD-1, and LS123. According to the XRD analysis, 15.68 nm was measured for TiNPs crystal size. SEM images exhibited a uniform spherical morphology in range size of 15.72—40.74 for the biosynthesized nanoparticles respectively. In the antioxidant test, the IC50 of TiNPs@C. officinalis and BHT against DPPH free radicals were 212 and 173 µg/mL, respectively. The IC50 of TiNPs@C. officinalis were 181, 250, 271, and 215 µg/mL against WiDr, SW1417 [SW-1417], DLD-1, and LS123 cell lines, respectively. The viability of malignant colorectal cell line reduced dose-dependently in the presence of TiNPs@C. officinalis.