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Gradient flow titration for the determination of fluoride ion in natural waters |
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| Authors: | Lopes da Conceição A C Correia dos Santos M M Simões Gonçalves M L Santos F J |
| Institution: | a Instituto Superior Técnico, Centro de Química Estrutural, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal b Departamento de Química e Bioquímica da F.C.U.L., Campo Grande, 1700 Lisbon, Portugal |
| Abstract: | The determination of fluoride ions in water samples was accomplished by using a gradient flow titration. A standard commercial combined electrode is used in a cell configuration that combines the gradient chamber and the electrode in a single unit. The methodology developed gives results with a relative standard deviation of about 3%. The average recoveries after spiking natural samples with fluoride are in the range 100–102%. The method was used successful in determining the fluoride concentration in water samples. |
| Keywords: | Gradient flow titration Fluoride Water analysis |
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