Characterization and Diagnosis of Cancer by Native Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Human Urine |
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| Authors: | Ramu Rajasekaran Prakash Rao Aruna Dornadula Koteeswaran Loganathan Padmanabhan Kulandaivel Muthuvelu Ram Rathan Rai Palraj Thamilkumar Chilakapati Murali Krishna Singaravelu Ganesan |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Medical Physics, Anna University, , Chennai, India;2. Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital, , Chennai, India;3. Radiation Oncology, Billroth Hospitals, , Chennai, India;4. Department of Radiation Physics, Stanley Medical College and Hospital, , Chennai, India;5. Radiation Oncology, Dr. Rai Memorial Cancer Institute, , Chennai, India;6. Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, , Navi Mumbai, India |
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| Abstract: | Urine is one of the diagnostically important bio fluids, as it has different metabolites in it, where many of them are native fluorophores. Native fluorescence characteristics of human urine samples were studied using excitation–emission matrices (EEMs) over a range of excitation and emission wavelengths, and emission spectra at 405 nm excitation, to discriminate patients with cancer from the normal subjects. The fluorescence spectra of urine samples of cancer patients exhibit considerable spectral differences in both EEMs and emission spectra with respect to normal subjects. Different ratios were calculated using the fluorescence intensity values of the emission spectra and they were used as input variables for a multiple linear discriminant analysis across different groups. The discriminant analysis classifies 94.7% of the original grouped cases and 94.1% of the cross‐validated grouped cases correctly. Based on the fluorescence emission characteristics of urine and statistical analysis, it may be concluded that the fluorophores nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and flavins may be considered as metabolomic markers of cancer. |
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