Deriving Internal Energy by Virtue of Generalized Feynman-Hellmann Theorem for Mixed States |
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| Authors: | FAN Hong-Yi JIANG Zhong-Hua |
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| Institution: | Department of Physics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China;Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China Special Class for Gifted Young, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China |
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| Abstract: | We show how to directly use the generalized Feynman-Hellmann theorem, which is suitable for mixed state ensemble average, to derive the internal energy of Hamiltonian systems. A concrete example, which is a two coupled harminic oscillators, is used for elucidating our approach. |
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| Keywords: | generalized Feynman-Hellmann theorem internal energy mixed state |
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