Squaraine dyes: The hierarchical synthesis and its application in optical detection |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Laboratoire CEISAM - UMR CNRS 6230, Université de Nantes, 2 Rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France;2. Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, 263 Av. du General Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France;3. Institut Universitaire de France, 1, Rue Descartes, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France;1. Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus, Trivandrum 695581, Kerala, India;2. Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST CSIR), Industrial Estate P.O., Trivandrum 695019, India;1. Chemistry Dep. and Chemistry Center – Vila Real (CQ-VR), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;2. Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal;1. FEW Chemicals GmbH, Technikumstraße 1, 06766 Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Germany;2. University of Leipzig, Department of Organic Chemistry, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;1. Department of Chemistry and CQ-VR, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;2. Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;3. Department of Biology and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;4. CICS-UBI – Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal;5. CQFM-Centro de Química-Física Molecular and IN-Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;6. INESC-TEC Porto and Department of Physics, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;7. Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;8. REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;1. Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, Yonezawa, 992-8510, Japan;2. Frontier Center for Organic Materials (FROM), Yamagata University, Yonezawa, 992-8510, Japan;3. Department of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, 992-8510, Japan |
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| Abstract: | Squaraine dyes, a four-membered ring system with structural rigidity, possess unique photoelectrical properties and are marked by their exceptionally sharp and intense absorption associated with a strong fluorescent emission in solution. These favorable characteristics have prompted their exploitation in a number of state of the art applications including photoconductivity, data storage, light-emitting field-effect transistors, solar cells and fluorescent histological probes. In this review, we first summarize the recently proposed novel methods in the synthesis of these versatile derivatives. Subsequently, their extensive applications in the prevalent optical detection of the surrounding medium such as ions, pH, thiol-based compounds, biomolecules and cell over the past decades are covered and discussed. In addition, different categories for the synthesis and sensing mechanisms for various squaric acid-based chemo-/bio- sensors are illustrated. Finally, the challenges and opportunities in the synthesis and application of these derivatives are also briefly discussed. |
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| Keywords: | Squaraine dyes Chemsensors Bio-sensors Fluorescent histological probes |
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