Recent analytical methodologies on equilibrium, kinetics, and dynamics at liquid/liquid interface

The form of liquid/liquid interface is flexible and it cannot be fixed at a spatial position. Also the interface is prevented from any physical contact by the organic phase and aqueous phase. In addition, analytical methods operated in vacuo cannot be applied. These restrictions depressed the development of liquid/liquid interfacial chemistry. However, the modification of liquid/liquid interfacial form and original analytical methods have been invented interdependently. The present review classifies the forms of liquid/liquid interface first, and it arrays the related analytical methods with brief explanations. It dominantly deals with recent reports of analytical methodologies, which were published in 2001-2004, on equilibrium, kinetics, and dynamics of substances at liquid/liquid interface, but it also includes historically important studies.