A Specific HPLC Method to Determine Residual HEPES in [68Ga]Ga-Radiopharmaceuticals: Development and Validation

Background: Nowadays, in Nuclear Medicine, clinically applied radiopharmaceuticals must meet quality release criteria such as high radiochemical purity and radiochemical yield. Many radiopharmaceuticals do not have marketing authorization and have no dedicated monograph within European Pharmacopeia (Ph. Eur.); therefore, general monographs on quality controls (QCs) have to be applied for clinical application. These criteria require standardization and validation in labeling and preparation, including quality controls measurements, according to well defined standard operation procedures. However, QC measurements are often based on detection techniques that are specific to a certain chromatographic system. Several radiosyntheses of [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-radiopharmaceuticals are more efficient and robust when they are performed with 2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl] ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) buffer, which is considered as an impurity to be assessed in the QC procedure, prior to clinical use. Thus, Ph. Eur. has introduced a thin-layer chromatography (TLC) method to quantify the HEPES amount that is present in [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-radiopharmaceuticals. However, this is only qualitative and has proven to be unreliable. Here we develop and validate a new high-performance liquid chromatography (UV-Radio-HPLC) method to quantify the residual amount of HEPES in ⁶⁸Ga-based radiopharmaceuticals. Method: To validate the proposed UV-Radio-HPLC method, a stepwise approach was used, as defined in the guidance document that was adopted by the European Medicines Agency (CMP/ICH/381/95 2014). The assessed parameters are specificity, linearity, precision (repeatability), accuracy, and limit of quantification. A range of concentrations of HEPES (100, 80, 60, 40, 20, 10, 5, 3 μg/mL) were analyzed. Moreover, to test the validity and pertinence of our new HPLC method, we analyzed samples of [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-DOTATOC; [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-PSMA; [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-DOTATATE; [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-Pentixafor; and [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-NODAGA-Exendin-4 from different batches that were prepared for clinical use. Results: In the assessed samples, HEPES could not be detected by the TLC method that was described in Ph. Eur. within 4 min incubation in an iodine-saturated chamber. Our developed HPLC method showed excellent linearity between 3 and 100 μg/mL for HEPES, with a correlation coefficient (R²) for calibration curves that was equal to 0.999, coefficients of variation (CV%) < 2%, and percent deviation value of bias from 100% to 5%, in accordance with acceptance criteria. The intra-day and inter-day precision of our method was statistically confirmed and the limit-of-quantification (LOQ) was 3 μg/mL, confirming the high sensitivity of the method. The amount of HEPES that was detected with our developed HPLC method in the tested [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-radiopharmaceuticals resulted well below the Ph. Eur. limit, especially for [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-NODAGA-Exendin-4. Conclusions: The TLC method that is described in Ph. Eur. to assess residual HEPES in [⁶⁸Ga]-based radiopharmaceuticals may not be sufficiently sensitive and thus unsuitable for QC release. Our new HPLC method was sensitive, quantitative, reproducible, and rapid for QCs, allowing us to exactly determine the residual HEPES amount in [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-radiopharmaceuticals for safe patient administration.