Revolutions in algal biochar for different applications: State-of-the-art techniques and future scenarios |
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| Institution: | 1. College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, Nanshan District Key Lab. for Biopolymers and Safety Evaluation, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China;2. Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China;3. School of Chemistry, Shoolini University, Solan 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India;4. King Abdulaziz University Jedhah, Saudi Arabia;5. Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia;6. Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Rahya Suchani, Samba/Bagla 181143, Jammu and Kashmir, India;7. School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg Campus, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa |
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| Abstract: | Algae are potential feedstock for the production of bioenergy and valuable chemicals. After the extraction of specific value-added products, algal residues can be further converted into biogas, biofuel, and biochar through various thermochemical treatments such as conventional pyrolysis, microwave pyrolysis, hydrothermal conversion, and torrefaction. The compositions and physicochemical characteristics of algal biochar that determine the subsequent applications are comprehensively discussed. Algal biochar carbonized at high-temperature showed remarkable performance for use as supercapacitors, CO2 adsorbents, and persulfate activation, due to its graphitic carbon structure, high electron transport, and specific surface area. The algal biochar produced by pyrolysis at moderate-temperature exhibits high performance for adsorption of pollutants due to combination of miscellaneous functional groups and porous structures, whereas coal fuel can be obtained from algae via torrefaction by pyrolysis at relatively low-temperature. The aim of this review is to study the production of algal biochar in a cost-effective and environmental-friendly method and to reduce the environmental pollution associated with bioenergy generation, achieving zero emission energy production. |
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| Keywords: | Algae Algal residue Thermochemical processes Pyrolysis Biochar |
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