Full-scale evaluation of reversed A2/O process for removal of multiple pollutants in sewage |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China;2. School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China;3. School of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Guizhou University of Engineering Science, Bijie 551700, China;4. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China;5. State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China;6. Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States;7. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China;1. Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China;2. School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China;3. School of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Guizhou University of Engineering Science, Bijie 551700, China;4. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China;5. State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China;6. Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States;7. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China;1. Center for Computational Chemistry and Molecular Simulation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China;2. Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44120, United States;1. State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China;2. College of Life Sciences and Environment, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, 421008, China;3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China;1. Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan;2. Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, P.O. Box 358, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark;3. Environmental Toxicology, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway;4. WWF-Pakistan, Ferozpur Road, PO Box 5180, Lahore 54600, Pakistan;5. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UPEC, Paris 7, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Institut d''Ecologie et des Sciences de l''Environnement de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France;6. Center for Permafrost, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 København K, Denmark;7. Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium;1. Centre de recherche en toxicologie de l''environnement (TOXEN), Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Station Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada;2. Centre d’étude de la forêt, Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Université Laval, 2405 rue de la Terrasse, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada;1. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China;2. Key Laboratory of Water and Wastewater Treatment (HUST), MOHURD, Wuhan 430074, China;3. Three Gorges Base Development Co. Ltd, Yichang 443002, China |
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| Abstract: | This study evaluated the removal of multiple pollutants, i.e., polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), novel halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), sulfonamide antibiotics (SAs), and heavy metals (HMs), by a full-scale reversed A2/O process in a sewage treatment plant (STP) in Guangzhou, China. The reversed A2/O process demonstrated high removal efficiencies (REs) for total PBDEs (60.5% ± 4.3%), novel HFRs (98.4% ± 2.8%) and HMs (70.1% ± 1.2%), and a relatively low RE for SAs (25.0% ± 2.3%). BDE 209, the dominant PBDE congener, showed a high residual concentration (13.41 ± 5.18 ng/L) in the suspended particulate matter (SPM) of treated effluents. Some novel HFRs, dechlorane plus (DP) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), were detected in the SPM of the raw sewage (7.50 ± 4.14 ng/L and 11.52 ± 11.65 ng/L, respectively). The removal of SAs was mainly through biodegradation in the activated sludge bioreactors (ASBs). Of the HMs, Mn and Ni exhibited the lowest REs (47.5% ± 2.2% and 35.0% ± 2.6%, respectively), while Cr and Cu showed the highest removal (REs > 80%). In terms of treatment units in the reversed A2/O process, ASBs showed the highest RE (27.8%) for the multiple pollutants. The information can aid in our understanding of removal properties of STPs on various pollutants and evaluating the ecological/health risks of STPs as point pollutant sources |
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| Keywords: | Polybrominated diphenyl ethers Halogenated flame retardants Sulfonamide antibiotics Heavy metals |
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