Photochemical synthesis of 1,2,4-triazoles via addition reaction of triplet intermediates to diazoalkanes and azomethine ylide intermediates

The reactivity of diazoalkanes most commonly proceeds through the formation of carbene intermediates or dipolar cycloaddition reactions. The reaction of diazoalkanes with intermediates with unpaired electrons, however, is much less elaborated. Herein, we report on the photochemical reaction of acceptor-only diazoalkanes with azodicarboxylates. Photoexcitation of the latter results in the formation of a triplet species, which undergoes an addition reaction with diazoalkanes and formation of an azomethine ylide followed by dipolar cycloaddition reaction with organic nitriles to give a 1,2,4-triazole. The application of this transformation was elaborated in a broad and general substrate scope (48 examples), including scale-up via flow chemistry and downstream transformations. Experimental and computational studies were performed to elucidate the reaction mechanism and to rationalize the reaction outcome.

Photoexcitation of the azodicarboxylates results in a radical addition reaction with diazoalkanes and formation of an azomethine ylide to allow for dipolar cycloaddition reaction with nitriles to give a 1,2,4-triazole.