卡诺定理和热力学第二定律须正确扩展

热力学是一门依靠大量科学实验的事实发展起来的近代科学学科.在19世纪经典热力学有过它的辉煌年代,曾经是当时科学发展的一个典范.卡诺定理和由此建立起来的经典热力学第二定律,其正确性不容任何形式的否定.但由于近百年的欠发展,如今热力学成为比较罕见的谬误相对集中的学术领域.当前对卡诺定理和经典热力学第二定律的否定,大体上可以分为两种：一种是比较直接的反对,或声称得到了第二类永动机;另一种是通过篡改或混淆热力学熵函数的定义,或利用根本不存在的＂麦克斯韦妖＂等（包括声称为＂证明热力学第二定律＂的形式）来进行否定.为驳斥谬误,通过一种改变内部热容的卡诺热机的详细描述,证明：卡诺定理和经典热力学第二定律不可能也不容否定.同时指明：它们必须正确地加以发展成为扩展卡诺定理和普适化热力学第二定律.

Carnot Theorem and Second Law of Thermodynamics Should Be Correctly Extended

Thermodynamics is a discipline of modern science developed on the basis of a large amount of experiments.Classical thermodynamics had its resplendence in the 19th century,and was an apotheosis of scientific development.The correctness of the Carnot theorem and the second law of classical thermodynamics should never be doubtful.However,due to the underdevelopment in the last century,thermodynamics became an academic discipline concentrated by mistakes or miss understandings.There are two arguments: i) some viewpoints are directly against the Carnot theorem and the second law of classical thermodynamics,but ii) others are based on juggling the definition of entropy,or based on using the never existing "Maxwell’s demon" to deny them(including the so-called "demonstration of the second law of classical thermodynamics").In this paper,the Carnot theorem and the second law of classical thermodynamics are confirmed by Carnot heat engines with adjustable capacity,and it is also pointed out the necessity of the extended Carnot theorem and the generalized second law of thermodynamics.