Solid-state electrochemical synthesis of ammonia: a review |
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Authors: | Ibrahim A Amar Rong Lan Christophe T G Petit Shanwen Tao |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XJ, UK;(2) Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK; |
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Abstract: | Ammonia is one of the most produced chemicals worldwide, and it is not only a major end product but also an important energy
storage intermediate. The solid-state electrochemical synthesis of ammonia has the promise to overcome the limitations of
the conventional catalytic reactors such as the limited conversion, severe environmental pollution and high energy consumption.
Solid-state electrolytes either protonic or oxide ion conductors have been reviewed and particular emphasis is placed on their
application to synthesise ammonia. The highest rate of ammonia formation according to the type of electrolyte utilised were
in the following order; solid polymers > Ce0.8Gd0.2O2−δ-(Ca3(PO4)2-K3PO4) composites > fluorites > perovskites > pyrochlores although the catalysts in electrodes also play an important role. The
highest rate reported so far is found to be 1.13 × 10−8 mol s−1 cm−2 at 80 °C with a potential of 2 V using Nafion membrane, SmFe0.7Cu0.1Ni0.2O3 (SFCN), and Ni-Ce0.8Sm0.2O2−δ as solid electrolyte, cathode and anode, respectively. Synthesising ammonia from steam and N2, by-passing H2 stage offers many advantages such as reduction of device numbers and then the overall costs. The factors affecting the rate
of ammonia formation have been discussed as well. |
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