A simple radioisotope X-ray fluorescence method for provenance studies of archaeological ceramics employing principal component analysis |
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| Institution: | 1. Group Insurance Research at Generali S.p.A., via Machiavelli 3, 34123 Trieste, Italy;2. Dipartimento di scienze Economiche, Aziendali, Matematiche e Statistiche (DEAMS), University of Trieste, piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy;1. Institute of Material Physics, Key Laboratory of Display Materials and Photoelectric Devices, Ministry of Education, and Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, PR China;2. School of Science, Tianjin University of Technology and Education, Tianjin 300222, PR China;1. School of Management Science and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Wen Hua Dong Lu, Jinan 250014, PR China;2. Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250014, PR China;1. School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran;2. Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada;3. Center of Excellence for Materials With Low Energy Consumption Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran;4. Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA;5. Northeastern Laboratory of Evaluation and Development of Biomaterials (CERTBIO), Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande, PB, Brazil;6. Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil |
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| Abstract: | A simple radioisotope X-ray fluorescence method of 1000 s irradiation of the samples by a 109Cd source combined with principal component analysis is described for determining the relative mass fractions of trace elements in majolica ceramics for provenance classification. Six provenances from Europe using 29 samples as standards and 12 unknown samples were investigated and characterized using selected trace elements as the variables. The unknown samples were previously assigned, but not definitively, by stylistic analysis and/or thermoluminescence measurements to the provenances of Teruel (Spain) and Holland. Because of a moderate fluorescence time, only the four net peak intensities of Pb, Rb, Sr and Zr could be used as variables. We have also studied the effect of not including the Pb variable, since the clay matrixes could have been contaminated in the glazing process or when the Pb-Sn enamel was removed. It is shown in both cases that the results were more consistent with the stylistic analysis and thermoluminescence measurements when the Pb concentration variable was not considered. A comparison of principal component analysis employing the three elements was similar to plotting of the relative mass fractions on a triangle graph. |
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