Direct chlorine determination in crude oils by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry: An improved method based on a proper strategy for sample homogenization and calibration with inorganic standards |
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Authors: | Adriana DoyleAlvaro Saavedra Maria Luiza B TristãoMárcio Nele Ricardo Q Aucélio |
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Institution: | a Department of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rua Marquês de São Vicente 225. Gávea. Rio de Janeiro. RJ. 22451-900, Brazilb Leopoldo Américo Miguez de Mello Research Center, Petrobras (CENPES), Cidade Universitária, Quadra 7, Ilha do Fundão,Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Brazilc Escola de Química/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, 21949-900, Brazil |
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Abstract: | Official guidelines to perform chlorine determination in crude oil are (i) American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D6470, which is based on the extraction of water from the oil and subsequent determination of the chloride by potentiometry, (ii) ASTM D3230, that measures the conductivity of a solution of crude oil in a mixture of organic solvents and (iii) US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 9075 that uses energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry to quantify chlorine and it is applicable for the range from 200 μg g− 1 to percent levels of the analyte. The goal of this work is to propose method to quantify lower amounts of chlorine in crude oil using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry using a simple calibration strategy. Sample homogenization procedure was carefully studied in order to enable accurate results. The calibration curve was made with standards prepared by diluting aqueous NaCl standard in glycerin. The method presented a linear response that covers the range from 8 to at least 100 μg g− 1 of chlorine. Chlorine in crude oil samples from Campos Basin - Brazil were quantified by the proposed method and by potentiometry after extraction of chlorine from the oil. Results achieved using both methods were statistically the same at 95% confidence level. |
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Keywords: | Chlorine determination Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence Crude oil Homogenization studies |
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