Estimation of snow and glacier melt contribution to Liddar stream in a mountainous catchment,western Himalaya: an isotopic approach

Snow- and glacier-dominated catchments in the Himalayas are important sources of fresh water to more than one billion people. However, the contribution of snowmelt and glacier melt to stream flow remains largely unquantified in most parts of the Himalayas. We used environmental isotopes and geochemical tracers to determine the source water and flow paths of stream flow draining the snow- and glacier-dominated mountainous catchment of the western Himalaya. The study suggested that the stream flow in the spring season is dominated by the snowmelt released from low altitudes and becomes isotopically depleted as the melt season progressed. The tracer-based mixing models suggested that snowmelt contributed a significant proportion (5–66?%) to stream flow throughout the year with the maximum contribution in spring and summer seasons (from March to July). In 2013 a large and persistent snowpack contributed significantly (～51?%) to stream flow in autumn (September and October) as well. The average annual contribution of glacier melt to stream flow is little (5?%). However, the monthly contribution of glacier melt to stream flow reaches up to 19?% in September during years of less persistent snow pack.