Efficiency of sample introduction into inductively coupled plasma by graphite furnace electrothermal vaporization |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, L. Eötvös University, P.O. Box 32, Budapest 112, H-1518 Budapest, Hungary;2. Department of Chemistry, Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey;1. School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia;2. Centre for Molecular and Nanoscale Physics, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia;3. School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia;1. Analysis & Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety for Tropical Fruits and Vegetables, Haikou 571101, China;2. Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China;3. College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China;4. College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China;1. Department of Chemistry and Process and Resource Engineering, University of Cantabria, Avda. Los Castros s/n., 39005 Santander, Spain;2. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom |
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| Abstract: | A laboratory constructed graphite furnace electrothermal vaporizer (GF-ETV) was used for studying transport efficiencies. This device enables collection of the vaporization products that exit the central sampling hole of the horizontal graphite tube. For determination of the transport efficiency between the GF-ETV and the ICP-torch three methods were tested: (1) deposition of the aerosol particles and the vapour of certain elements by mixing the vaporization product with supersaturated steam and subsequent condensation (direct method); (2) dissolution of the deposited sample fraction from the interface components (indirect method); and (3) calculation from line intensities when applying GF-ETV and pneumatic nebulization sample introduction methods using mercury as a reference element. The latter, `mercury reference method' required 100% transport efficiency for mercury with the ETV, which could be approximated with the use of argon as carrier gas (without halocarbon addition). With a 200 cm3/min flow rate of internal argon in the graphite tube, the transport efficiency was between 67 and 76% for medium volatility elements (Cu, Mn and Mg) and between 32 and 38% for volatile elements (Cd and Zn). By adding carbon tetrachloride vapour to the internal argon flow, the transport efficiency increased to 67–73% for the five elements studied. |
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