Noncovalent associations in fluorous fluids

Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are emerging as a new type of liquid phase in which molecular recognition processes can effectively take place. The combination of perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and noncovalent associations, mostly hydrogen bonds, ion pairing, halogen bonds or coordination bonds, has already been successfully exploited for applications in organic synthesis (catalyst recycling, by-product removal), electrochemical sensing, selective extraction/titration processes or to prepare gels. Due to the extreme solvophobic effect in PFCs, the least polar existing fluids, noncovalent associations tend to be enhanced. For instance, quantitative data on the increase in association strength occurring in PFCs have recently been reported for ion-pairing interactions or encapsulation processes. Moreover, several examples show that confining a receptor in a fluorous phase leads to recognition processes with improved selectivity.