General-purpose event generators for LHC physics |
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| Authors: | Andy BuckleyJonathan Butterworth,Stefan GiesekeDavid Grellscheid,Stefan Hö cheHendrik Hoeth,Frank KraussLeif Lö nnblad,Emily NursePeter Richardson,Steffen SchumannMichael H. Seymour,Torbjö rn Sjö strandPeter Skands,Bryan Webber |
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| Affiliation: | a PPE Group, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9PN, UKb Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UKc Institute for Theoretical Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germanyd Institute for Particle Physics Phenomenology, Durham University, DH1 3LE, UKe SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USAf Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund University, Swedeng PH Department, TH Unit, CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerlandh Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germanyi School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, UKj Cavendish Laboratory, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK |
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| Abstract: | We review the physics basis, main features and use of general-purpose Monte Carlo event generators for the simulation of proton-proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider. Topics included are: the generation of hard scattering matrix elements for processes of interest, at both leading and next-to-leading QCD perturbative order; their matching to approximate treatments of higher orders based on the showering approximation; the parton and dipole shower formulations; parton distribution functions for event generators; non-perturbative aspects such as soft QCD collisions, the underlying event and diffractive processes; the string and cluster models for hadron formation; the treatment of hadron and tau decays; the inclusion of QED radiation and beyond Standard Model processes. We describe the principal features of the Ariadne, Herwig++, Pythia 8 and Sherpa generators, together with the Rivet and Professor validation and tuning tools, and discuss the physics philosophy behind the proper use of these generators and tools. This review is aimed at phenomenologists wishing to understand better how parton-level predictions are translated into hadron-level events as well as experimentalists seeking a deeper insight into the tools available for signal and background simulation at the LHC. |
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| Keywords: | QCD Hadron colliders Monte Carlo simulation |
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