Biomechanical behaviors of dragonfly wing:relationship between configuration and deformation

In this paper,the natural structures of a dragonfly wing,including the corrugation of the chordwise cross-section,the sandwich microstructure veins,and the junctions between the vein and the membrane,have been investigated with experimental observations,and the morphological parameters of these structural features are measured.The experimental result indicates that the corrugated angle among the longitudinal veins ranges from 80 to 150,and the sandwiched microstructure vein mainly consists of chitin and protein layers.Meanwhile,different finite element models,which include models I and I for the planar forewings,models II and II for the corrugated forewings,and a submodel with solid veins and membranes,are created to investigate the effects of these structural features on the natural frequency/modal,the dynamical behaviors of the flapping flight,and the deformation mechanism of the forewings.The numerical results indicate that the corrugated forewing has a more reasonable natural frequency/modal,and the first order up-down flapping frequency of the corrugated wing is closer to the experimental result(about 27.00 Hz),which is significantly larger than that of the planar forewing(10.94 Hz).For the dynamical responses,the corrugated forewing has a larger torsional angle than the planar forewing,but a lower flapping angle.In addition,the sandwich microstructure veins can induce larger amplitudes of torsion deformation,because of the decreasing stiffness of the whole forewing.For the submodel of the forewing,the average stress of the chitin layer is much larger than that of the protein layer in the longitudinal veins.These simulative methods assist us to explain the flapping flight mechanism of the dragonfly and to design a micro aerial vehicle by automatically adjusting the corrugated behavior of the wing.