Differential thermal analysis studies on the crystallization of strontium tungstate from sodium tungstate melt. Nucleation mechanism and induction periods |
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Authors: | B N Roy |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana;(2) Present address: 47 Arlesford Road, SW9 9JS London, UK |
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Abstract: | The nucleation mechanism, kinetics and induction periods in strontium tungstate crystallization from sodium tungstate melt in platinum crucibles were investigated by differential thermal analysis. Heterogeneous nuclei first formed on the metal platinate particles within the solution during the induction periods (¯t); the main crystal growth started only after ¯t and few new nuclei were then formed. At any crystallization temperature, ¯t varied inversely with the cooling rate (R
T), and with the rate (RC) of development of excess solute concentration according to the relation ¯t = 1/(k
1
R
c
), wherek
1 and are constants. The critical temperature (¯T), critical supersaturation(¯ S), k
1 and were evaluated.
Zusammenfassung Der Keimbildungsmechanismus, sowie die Kinetik und die Induktionsperioden wurden bei der Kristallisation von Strontiumwolframat aus Natriumwolframatschmelzen in Platintiegeln durch Differentialthermoanalyse untersucht. Die heterogenen Kristallkeime wurden zuerst während der Induktionsperiode ( ) an den Metallplatinat-Teilchen in der Lösung gebildet: das Hauptkristallwachstum begann erst nach und nachfolgend wurden einige neue Keime gebildet. Bei jeder Kristallisationstemperatur änderte sich umgekehrt proportional zu den Abkühlungsgeschwindigkeiten (R
T) und den Geschwindigkeiten (R
c) der Bildung überschüssig gelösten Materials, entsprechend der Gleichung = 1/(k
1
R
c
, wobeik
1 und Konstanten sind. Die kritische Temperatur (¯T), die kritische Übersättigung (¯S),k
1 und wurden bewertet.
Résumé On a étudié par analyse thermique différentielle le mécanisme de nucléation ainsi que la cinétique et les périodes d'induction de la cristallisation du tungstate de strontium, à partir des bains fondus de tungstate de sodium, dans des creusets de platine. Des noyaux hétérogènes se forment d'abord sur les particules de platinate métallique dans la solution, au cours des périodes d'induction ( ): la croissance principale des cristaux ne commence qu'après et il se forme alors quelques noyaux nouveaux. A une température quelconque de cristallisation, varie de façon inverse avec les vitesses de refroidissement (R
T) et les vitesses de développement (R
c
) de concentrations de sursaturation de la substance en solution, selon la relation = 1/(k
1
R
c
, oùk
1 et sont des constantes. On a évalué la température critique (¯T), la sursaturation critiques (¯S),k
1 et .
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![lcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1083.gif) ![lcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![chcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1095.gif) ![ncy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![iecy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1100.gif) ![kcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1082.gif) ![pcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1083.gif) ¯t ![tcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1075.gif) ![ocy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1073.gif) ![rcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ocy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ycy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1099.gif) ![vcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ncy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![kcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1100.gif) ![kcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ncy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ycy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1099.gif) ![tscy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1094.gif) ![iecy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![kcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1082.gif) ![rcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1090.gif) ![lcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1083.gif) ![lcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1079.gif) ![acy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tscy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1094.gif) ![icy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1080.gif) . ![Pcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1055.gif) ![rcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1088.gif) ![kcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![kcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1086.gif) -![lcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![bcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1073.gif) ![tcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1084.gif) ![pcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1088.gif) ![kcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1082.gif) ![rcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1083.gif) ![lcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1079.gif) ![acy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tscy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1094.gif) ![icy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1080.gif) ,¯t ![icy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1079.gif) ![mcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![yacy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1103.gif) ![iecy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ocy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1073.gif) ![rcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ncy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![pcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1088.gif) ![tscy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1094.gif) ![icy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ocy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![lcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1100.gif) ![ncy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![scy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![khcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1093.gif) ![lcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zhcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1078.gif) ![dcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1080.gif) (R
T), ![scy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1088.gif) ![scy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1079.gif) ![vcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1074.gif) ![icy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1080.gif) (R
c) ![icy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1079.gif) ![bcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ycy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1099.gif) ![kcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1082.gif) ![kcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tscy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1094.gif) ![iecy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tscy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1094.gif) ![icy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![rcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1074.gif) ![rcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1075.gif) ![vcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![shchcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1097.gif) ![iecy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1074.gif) ![pcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1076.gif) ![chcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1095.gif) ![icy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![yacy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1103.gif) ![iecy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ucy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1091.gif) ![rcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![vcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ncy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![icy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1080.gif) ¯t=1/(K1
R
c
), ![gcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1075.gif) ![dcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1076.gif) 1 ![icy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1080.gif) — ![kcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ncy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![scy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1090.gif) . ![Ocy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1054.gif) ![pcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![kcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1082.gif) ![rcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![kcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1084.gif) ![pcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ucy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1091.gif) ![rcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1088.gif) (¯ ), ![kcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1082.gif) ![rcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1089.gif) ![vcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![khcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1093.gif) ![ncy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ycy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1099.gif) ![shchcy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1097.gif) ![iecy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1080.gif) (_-S), K1 ![icy](/content/v382213830k3j6v1/xxlarge1080.gif) .
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