放氢交叉偶联反应

过渡金属催化的脱氢偶联反应是一类高效的化学键构筑方式,但通常需要当量甚至过量的氧化剂以移除脱氢过程产生的电子及质子,其氧化剂残渣对环境有一定的污染.放氢交叉偶联(CCHE)反应摒弃了传统脱氢反应中当量氧化剂的使用,在温和条件下实现碳-氢或杂-氢键直接交叉偶联且唯一副产物为氢气,不仅避免了因原料或产物对氧化剂敏感而发生的副反应,而且在规模化生产中具有很高的附加值,是一种更加绿色的合成策略.本综述从放氢交叉偶联反应机理、化学键构筑类型以及反应延伸等角度归纳并介绍了近年来放氢交叉偶联反应的研究进展,并对该领域的发展前景进行了展望.

Cross-Coupling Hydrogen Evolution Reactions

During the past decade, transition metal-catalyzed dehydrogenative cross-couplings have emerged as an attractive strategy in synthetic chemistry due to its high step-and atom-economy as well as the less functionalized coupling partners.However, such reactions have to always use stoichiometric amount of sacrificial oxidants such as peroxides, high-valent metals(Cu salts, Ag salts, etc.), or iodine(III) oxidants, thereby leading to possible generation of toxic wastes and making the process less desirable from a green chemistry perspective. The recently developed photocatalytic CCHE(cross-coupling hydrogen-evolution) reactions are a conceptually new type of reactions enabled by combination of photo-redox catalysis and proton reduction catalysis, wherein the photocatalyst uses light energy as the driving force for the cross-coupling and the hydrogen evolution catalyst may capture electrons and protons from the substrates or reaction intermediates to produce molecular hydrogen(H2). Thus, without use of any sacrificial oxidant and under mild conditions, the dual catalyst system may afford cross-coupling products with excellent yields and an equivalent amount of H2 as the sole byproduct. This kind of cross-coupling delivers a greener synthetic strategy and is particularly useful for reactions that involve species sensitive to traditional oxidants. In CCHE reactions, the raw materials are directly converted into products and hydrogen, the reactions are highly atom economy, environmentally friendly, and have attractive potential industrial application prospects. In this review, recent dramatic developments of photocatalytic and electrochemical CCHE reactions are discussed via the most prominent mechanistic pathways, the types of C-C bond, C-X(heteroatom) bond, or X-X bond formations and specific reaction classes.