伊曲茶碱中间体杂质的分离与鉴定

伊曲茶碱是一种新型选择性腺苷A_2A受体拮抗剂,用于治疗帕金森氏病和改善帕金森氏病初期运动障碍。在伊曲茶碱中间体A1(6-氨基-1,3-二乙基-2,4-(1H,3H)-嘧啶二酮)的合成过程中,碱性条件或高温条件下会伴随生成至少2种副产物,在前期研究中我们已经对该中间体合成过程中的其中一种副产物进行过研究,确定其结构为(E)-N-乙基-2-氰基-3-乙氨基-2-丁烯酰胺。本文采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)对中间体A1的另外一种杂质进行分析:称取0.4 g中间体放入50 mL的烧杯中,依次加入8 mL水、8 mL乙腈,超声溶解,经0.45 μm有机膜过滤,得到测试样品溶液。采用Agilent Zorbax C18色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm)分离,柱温35 ℃,流动相为乙腈(A)和水(B),梯度洗脱(t_min/A∶B)=t₀/20∶80, t₁₅/60∶40, t₂₀~t₅₀/90∶10;流速1.0 mL/min;检测波长268 nm。然后通过Ceres B制备色谱柱分离,以乙腈-水(30/70, v/v)为流动相,流速为30 mL/min,在268 nm波长下检测,洗脱得到杂质纯品。通过高分辨率质谱(HRMS)、一维核磁共振(NMR)、二维核磁共振(2D NMR)对杂质进行了结构确认,并通过单晶X射线衍射(XRD)进行了表征。杂质经分析确认为1-(1,3-二乙基-2,6-二氧-1,2,3,6-四氢嘧啶-4-基)-3-乙基脲。根据杂质的化学结构推测其生成机理为:在碱性条件或高温条件下合成中间体A1时,过量的二乙基脲继续与中间体A1发生酰胺化反应而得到此副产物。此杂质与伊曲茶碱中间体A1结构相似,会伴随A1参与到伊曲茶碱合成的后续反应中,并对伊曲茶碱的安全性和有效性产生潜在的影响。因此,为了确保伊曲茶碱的质量,在生产过程中需要对该杂质的含量进行控制。

Separation and identification of impurities from intermediates of istradefylline

Istradefylline is a novel selective adenosine A_2A receptor antagonist that is used to treat Parkinson’s disease and improve motor dysfunction in the early stage of this disease. During the synthesis of intermediate A1 (6-amino-1,3-diethyl-2,4-(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione), at least two by-products were formed under alkaline or high-temperature conditions. In a previous study, one of the by-products in the synthesis of the intermediate was studied, and its structure was identified as (E)-N-ethyl-2-cyano-3-ethylamino-2-butene amide. In this study, we used high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to analyze another impurity formed during the synthesis of A1, and the following steps were executed: 0.4 g of intermediate was weighed and added to a 50 mL beaker, followed by the sequential addition of 8 mL water and 8 mL acetonitrile, and then, ultrasonic dissolution was performed. Finally, the solution was filtered through a 0.45-μm organic membrane and the test sample solution was obtained. We used the Agilent zorbax C18 chromatography column, with acetonitrile (A)/water(B) as the mobile phase under gradient elution ((t_min/A∶B)=t₀/20∶80, t₁₅/60∶40, t₂₀-t₅₀/90∶10). The detector wavelength is 268 nm. In order to separate the impurity from A1, we used a Ceres B preparative column, with acetonitrile-water (30/70, v/v) as the mobile phase. The flow rate was set at 30 mL/min, and the detection wavelength was 268 nm. The structure of the impurity was confirmed by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), one-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D NMR), and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD). In MS experiments, an electrospray ionization (ESI) source was used with positive ion scanning. In the NMR experiments, we used tetramethylsilane (TMS) as the internal standard and deuterated dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO-d₆) as the solvent to obtain the spectra. The results of preparative high performance liquid chromatography (Prep-HPLC) showed that good separation effect could be achieved by isocratic elution, and the impurity was perfectly separated. The¹H-NMR spectral data are as follows:¹H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO): δ 1.01 (q, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.02 (q, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.07 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 3.04 (p, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 3.74 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 3.94 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 5.85 (s, 1H). The ¹³C-NMR spectral data are summarized as follows: ¹³C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO): δ13.9, 14.1, 15.9, 34.6, 34.9, 36.9, 81.9, 152.2, 153.3, 159.3, 162.0. The impurity was characterized by single-crystal XRD, and its spatial structure was further verified and determined as 1-(1,3-diethyl-2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-4-yl)-3-ethylurea. Based on the chemical structure of the impurity, we propose the following mechanism for the impurity: when A1 is synthesized under alkaline conditions or at high temperature, excessive diethylurea continues to undergo amidation with A1 to obtain this by-product. Although the formation mechanism of the impurity studied in this paper is different from that of the intermediate A1 impurity (E)-N-ethyl-2-cyano-3-ethylamino-2-butene amide, both the impurities are formed at high temperatures. Both will be accompanied by A1 in the subsequent reaction of istradefylline synthesis. The relationship between drug impurities and drug safety is a complex relationship that is affected by many factors. Generally, most impurities in drugs have potential biological activities, and some even interact with the drugs, thus affecting their efficacy and safety and inducing toxic effects. Therefore, to ensure the quality of istradefylline, it is necessary to control the impurity content during the production. The findings of this paper may provide guidelines for controlling the impurity content in istradefylline.