Isotopic compositions and scalings

We review experimental and theoretical studies devoted to extract information on the behaviour of the symmetry energy, in density regions different from the normal value, with charge-asymmetric reactions at Fermi energies. In particular, we focus on the analysis of fragmentation reactions and isotopic properties of the reaction products. Results concerning “isoscaling” properties and the N/Z equilibration among the reaction partners in semi-peripheral reactions are also discussed.