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Energy–momentum tensor for the electromagnetic field in a dielectric
Authors:Michael E Crenshaw  Thomas B Bahder
Institution:1. Center for Geometry and Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea;2. Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering (IFIN-HH), Reactorului 30, POB-MG6, Bucharest-Magurele, 077125, Romania;1. Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, A.P. 70-186, México D.F. 04510, Mexico;2. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR 7190, Institut Jean Le Rond d’Alembert, F-75005, Paris, France;3. CNRS, UMR 7190, Institut Jean Le Rond d’Alembert, F-75005, Paris, France;1. Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa;2. Electron Microscope Unit, University of Cape Town, South Africa;3. Electron Microscopy (EMEZ), ETH, Zürich, Switzerland
Abstract:The total momentum of a thermodynamically closed system is unique, as is the total energy. Nevertheless, there is continuing confusion concerning the correct form of the momentum and the energy–momentum tensor for an electromagnetic field interacting with a linear dielectric medium. Rather than construct a total momentum from the Abraham momentum or the Minkowski momentum, we define a thermodynamically closed system consisting of a propagating electromagnetic field and a negligibly reflecting dielectric and we identify the Gordon momentum as the conserved total momentum by the fact that it is invariant in time. In the formalism of classical continuum electrodynamics, the Gordon momentum is therefore the unique representation of the total momentum in terms of the macroscopic electromagnetic fields and the macroscopic refractive index that characterizes the material. We also construct continuity equations for the energy and the Gordon momentum, noting that a time variable transformation is necessary to write the continuity equations in terms of the densities of conserved quantities. Finally, we use the continuity equations and the time–coordinate transformation to construct an array that has the properties of a traceless, symmetric energy–momentum tensor.
Keywords:
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