Recent developments in on-line electrochemical stripping analysis--an overview of the last 12 years

This paper presents an overview of the field of electrochemical stripping analysis in flow systems covering developments in the last 12 years (since 1998). The review discusses the flow schemes utilized in stripping analysis, techniques for on-line sample pre-treatment, the main pre-concentration and stripping/detection modes, the most important flow-through cell configurations used and the different types of working electrodes. Finally, applications in inorganic and organic analysis are discussed. Special emphasis is given to different novel approaches developed over the last few years that hold some promise for the future such as the use of the lab-on-a valve (LOV) configuration, microfluidic manifolds, flow-probes for remote sensing, environmentally friendly electrode materials and hyphenation with spectroscopic techniques.