The magnetic field dependence of the breathing artifact |
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| Institution: | 1. CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, Lecce, Italy;2. Department of Mathematics and Physics “Ennio De Giorgi”, University of Salento, via Arnesano, Lecce, Italy;1. Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain;2. Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, E-28871 Madrid, Spain;3. Centro de Astrobiología, CAB (INTA-CSIC), Torrejón de Ardoz, Spain;4. Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland;1. Institute of Radiation Physics, Lausanne University Hospital, 1 Rue du Grand-Pré, 1007 Lausanne, Switzerland;2. STUK-Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, PO Box 14, FIN-00881 Helsinki, Finland;3. Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, C2-S, PO Box 9600, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands;4. Dutch reference Centre for Screening (LRCB), Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 6873, 6503 GJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands;5. Department for Radiation Protection and Health External and Internal Dosimetry, Biokinetics, Ingolstädter Landstr, 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;6. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Oude Markt 13, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;7. Medical Dosimetry Group, Centre for Radiation Chemicals and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Didcot, UK;1. Oklahoma State University, Spears School of Business, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States of America;2. Goizueta Business School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States of America;3. Warrington College of Business, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States of America;1. Center for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, UK;3. BAOBAB, NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l''Energie Atomique, Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric Joliot, Gif‐sur‐Yvette, France;4. School of Computing Technologies, RMIT University, Australia |
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| Abstract: | Breathing causes ghost artifacts in magnetic resonance (MR) images. These ghosts are more conspicuous at high magnetic field strength due to (i) operational factors that affect the relative intensity of the individual ghosts and (ii) factors that affect the image intensity of the moving structures producing the ghosts. Both types of factors are identified and illustrated with images of a human subject. A brief theoretical analysis of the noiseless MR image of a point object in sinusoidal motion shows that the intensity structure of each ghost depends on the number of pixels over which the object moves. Generally, images with narrower pixels have ghosts with greater relative intensity. However, the breathing artifact is more apparent at high magnetic field strength primarily because the signal-to-noise ratio and the cotnrast between fat and muscle tissues are increased. |
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