防护林带：湍流的数学模型与计算机模拟

虽然防护林用于减小风速、控制热量和水汽传递及污染物扩散、改善气候与环境、增加作物产量等已经有几百年了, 但直到近几十年,人们才开始系统地研究防护林空气动力学的遮蔽机制.在本综述中,我们考察了绕防护林带的流动与湍流控制机制,最新的模型与数值模拟研究情况;通过数值模拟与实验数据的比较,来了解防护林带结构与防风效果之间的关系;讨论数值分析如何及为什么能够得到所需要的结果.本文将从多孔隙防护林带流动基本方程组的推导开始,讨论数值模型及模拟过程,对附体与分离流动进行预测;分析了遮蔽机制与动量交换;对风向、防护林密度、宽度和三维性对流动与湍流的影响作了系统的论述.还对热流和土壤水分蒸发的新模型及数值模拟作了简述.最后,我们对网络工作站、群和高性能分布式并行计算机及其对防护林带模型预报能力的提高作了讨论.

SHELTERBELTS AND WINDBREAKS:MATHEMATICAL MODELING AND COMPUTER SIMULATIONS OF TURBULENT FLOWS

Shelterbelts or windbreaks were used for centuries to reduce wind speed, to control heat and moisture transfer and pollutant diffusion, to improve climate and environment, and to increases crop yields; but only within the last few decades have systematic studies considered the aerodynamics and shelter mechanisms of shelterbelts and windbreaks. This review examines recent modeling and numerical simulation studies as well as the mechanisms that control flow and turbulence around shelterbelts and windbreaks. We compare numerical simulations with experimental data and explain the relationships between sheltering effects and the structure of shelterbelts and windbreaks. We discuss haw and why the desired effects are achieved by using numerical analysis. This chapter begins with the derivation of a general equation set for porous shelterbelts and windbreaks; the numerical model and simulation procedure are developed; unseparated and separated flows are predicted and characterized; the momentum budget and shelter mechanisms are analyzed; the effects of wind direction, density, width, and three dimenionality of shelterbelt structure on flow and turbulence are systematically described. Recent modeling and simulation of heat flux and evapotranspiration are also summarized. Finally, we discuss the use of highperformance distributed and parallel computing as well as clusters of networked workstations to enhance performance of the model applied to simulations of shelterbelts and windbreaks.