Determination of the iodine value and the free fatty acid content of waste animal fat blends using FT-NIR |
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| Institution: | 1. Bioresource Engineering Department, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada;2. Bruker Ltd., 555 Steeles Avenue East, Milton, ON L9T 1Y6, Canada;1. Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea s/n, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;2. Department of Nutrition, Food Science, Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea s/n, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;3. Department of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea s/n, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;1. Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan;2. Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland;3. Research Institute of Energy Frontier (RIEF), Department of Energy and Environment, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8589, Japan;4. Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan;1. Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, 225 Duque de Caxias Norte Ave, Jardim Elite, P.O. 13.635-900, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil;2. Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, 225 Duque de Caxias Norte Ave, Jardim Elite, P.O. 13.635-900, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil;3. Meat Technologicial Center of Galicia, Galicia street No. 4, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain;1. Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, ROC;2. Department of Biomechatronics Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, ROC;1. Halal Laboratory, SME Solution Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea;1. Department of Applied Chemistry, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad 826004, Jharkhand, India;2. Department of Petroleum Engineering, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad 826004,Jharkhand, India;3. Samtel Centre for Display Technologies, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208 016, India |
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| Abstract: | This study determined iodine value (IV) and free fatty acids (FFA) content of four different animal fat wastes and their blends using Fourier transform near-infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIR). Chemometric analysis by partial least squares (PLS) regression was used to correlate spectral data with IV and FFA reference values of the samples. The effects of four spectra pre-processing (first derivative (FD), second derivative (SD), multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) and vector normalization (VN)) methods were investigated to predict the reproducibility and robustness of the PLS-NIR model developed. A set of 70% of animal fat wastes and their blends were used for developing PLS calibration models for measuring IV and FFA content using the remaining 30% samples as an independent test set validation. The coefficient of determination (R2), the root mean square error estimation (RMSEE), and the residual prediction deviation (RPD) were used as indicators for the predictability of the PLS models. PLS-NIR models developed using first derivative and second derivative spectral preprocessing methods were the best for both IV and FFA content analysis (For IV, FD; R2 = 0.9870, RMSEE = 1.40 gI2/100 g, RPD = 8.76, SD; R2 = 0.9892, RMSEE = 1.28 gI2/100 g, RPD = 9.64 while For FFA, FD; R2 = 0.9991, RMSEE = 0.195%, RPD = 34.00, SD; R2 = 0.9993, RMSEE = 0.182%, RPD = 36.8). Overall, the results of this study demonstrate the suitability of FT-NIR spectroscopy for the quality control analysis of feedstocks for biodiesel production. |
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| Keywords: | Animal fat wastes Iodine value Free fatty acids FT-NIR spectroscopy Chemometric analysis Partial least squares regression |
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