Optimal water concentration for aqueous Li+ intercalation in vanadyl phosphate |
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Authors: | Dan Sun Masashi Okubo Atsuo Yamada |
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Institution: | Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 Japan.; Elemental Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510 Japan |
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Abstract: | Development of high-performance aqueous batteries is an important goal for energy sustainability owing to their environmental benignity and low fabrication costs. Although a layered vanadyl phosphate is one of the most-studied host materials for intercalation electrodes with organic electrolytes, little attention has been paid to its use in aqueous Li+ systems because of its excessive dissolution in water. Herein, by controlling the water concentration, we demonstrate the stable operation of a layered vanadyl phosphate electrode in an aqueous Li+ electrolyte. The combination of experimental analyses and density functional theory calculations reveals that reversible (de)lithiation occurs between dehydrated phases, which can only exist in an optimal water concentration.We demonstrate aqueous Li+ intercalation chemistry of vanadyl phosphate in the form of monohydrates, which are only stable in an optimal water-concentration environment. |
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