In this paper, we study the Cauchy problem for the 3D generalized Navier-Stokes-Boussinesq equations with fractional diffusion:
$$\left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{{u_t} + \left( {u \cdot \nabla } \right)u + v{\Lambda ^{2a}}u = -\nabla p + \theta {e_3},{e_3} = {{\left( {0,0,1} \right)}^T},} \\ {{\theta _t} + \left( {u \cdot \nabla } \right)t = 0,} \\ {Divu = 0.} \end{array}} \right.$$
With the help of the smoothing effect of the fractional diffusion operator and a logarithmic estimate, we prove the global well-posedness for this system with
α ≥ 5/4. Moreover, the uniqueness and continuity of the solution with weaker initial data is based on Fourier localization technique. Our results extend ones on the 3D Navier-Stokes equations with fractional diffusion.