Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) for the determination of polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) in sewage sludge |
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Authors: | Mari Shin M Lewina Svoboda Patricia Falletta |
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Institution: | (1) Aquatic Ecosystem Management Research Division, National Water Research Institute, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, P.O. Box 5050, Burlington, ON, L7R 4A6, Canada |
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Abstract: | An efficient microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method has been developed and evaluated for the quantification of eight major
polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) in sewage sludge. The PBDEs were extracted from wet and dry sludge in a microwave extraction
unit using a hexane/acetone mixture for 35 min at a controlled temperature of 130 °C. The extract was concentrated, cleaned
up on a silica gel column, and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in the negative chemical ionization
(NCI) mode. The MAE procedure exhibited higher extraction efficiency, specifically for BDE (brominated diphenylether) 209,
than the conventional Soxhlet extraction. The test congeners were clearly separated under specific instrumental operating
conditions, at a source temperature of 230 °C and a column length of 20 m. The present analytical method showed recovery efficiencies
ranging from 80 to 110% when applied to the PBDE-free sludge spiked with eight PBDE congeners. The efficiency of the MAE method
was confirmed using sludge obtained from four sewage treatment plants (STPs). The results indicate that BDE 47, 99, and 209
are the most abundant congeners present in these sewage sludges, which is consistent with previous reports. |
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Keywords: | Polybrominated diphenylethers Microwave-assisted extraction Sewage sludge Soxhlet extraction |
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