Applications of small-angle X-ray scattering/small-angle neutron scattering and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy to understand self-assembly of surfactants |
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Institution: | 1. Faculty of Education, Laboratory of Chemistry, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-8570, Japan;2. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Nara Women''s University, Kitauoyanishi-machi, Nara 630-8506, Japan;3. Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society (CROSS), Neutron Science and Technology Center, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan |
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Abstract: | The self-assembling structures and dynamics of surfactants determine most of their macroscopic physicochemical properties and performances. Herein, we review recent work on the self-assembly of surfactants by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) in conjunction with cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (Cryo-TEM) from the perspective of researchers having only limited theoretical knowledge of these techniques but expert in surfactants. Emphasis is placed on the structural analysis of typical surfactant aggregates over a wide range of size scales from nanometers up to microns, including spherical and rod-like micelles, wormlike micelles, vesicles, liquid crystals and coacervates, by combining different numerical approaches to the treatment of small-angle scattering data with the direct Cryo-TEM imaging method. Furthermore, the complementarity between SAXS and SANS, and between the scattering techniques and Cryo-TEM, that is, specific contributions of these techniques, is also covered. |
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