(1) School of Mathematics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA;(2) Present address: Department of Mathematics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540-1000, USA
Abstract:
We say that a graph G is k-Pfaffian if the generating function of its perfect matchings can be expressed as a linear combination of Pfaffians of k matrices corresponding to orientations of G. We prove that 3-Pfaffian graphs are 1-Pfaffian, 5-Pfaffian graphs are 4-Pfaffian and that a graph is 4-Pfaffian if and only if it can be drawn on the torus (possibly with crossings) so that every perfect matching intersects itself an even number of times. We state conjectures and prove partial results for k>5. The author was supported in part by NSF under Grant No. DMS-0200595 and DMS-0701033.