Twinning due to Transformation from a more Favourable Energetic Transition Structure to a Higher Symmetrical Arrangement: Five-radiated Intergrowth Crystals of Metals (III)

Parts I and II investigated twins that form when a more favourable energetic transition structure initially occurs which then, at a certain growth stage (presumably in the nm-range), transform into a more symmetric structural arrangement. These transition structures, which could explain the transformation between the twin individuals, were found using lattice energy calculations on organic substances such as pentaerythrite, 1,2,4,5-tetrabromobenzene, 3,5-dimethylbenzoic acid, and maleic acid. The formation of a more favourable energetic but symmetrically lower transition structure is more likely. when lattice pseudosymmetries are present. Experimentally proving these transition structures is extremely difficult because of their low volume. It has nevertheless been possible to detect such a transition structure — around which crystal growth begins — in many metallic vapour-deposit layers. Crystal growth begins around a core and then continues as a three-dimensional periodically ordered cubic face-centered structure, at which point twins form. In Part III, the attempt is made to confirm these processes with energy calculations.