锂离子电池高容量合金基含锂负极材料的研究进展

现有的以石墨为负极的锂离子电池能量密度逐渐接近其理论极限. 基于合金化反应机制的高容量含锂负极材料Li_xM_y(M为能够和锂发生合金化反应的元素)是一类新兴的负极材料, 具有数倍于石墨的储锂比容量, 且可以为电池提供活性锂源. 这些特性使其能够与高容量无锂正极材料(如S, O₂, FeF₃和V₂O₅等)相匹配, 构建下一代高比能锂离子电池新体系. 本文综述了近年来高容量合金基含锂负极材料(如Li_xSi, Li_xSn, Li₃P和Li_xAl基系列材料)的研究进展, 分析了所面临的挑战, 概述了材料的合成与电极的制备方法, 并介绍了它们在常规锂离子电池、 锂离子-硫电池及锂离子-空气电池等多个全电池体系中的应用实例, 提出并举证了其电化学性能优化与调控的策略, 最后展望了未来的研究方向.

Advances in Alloy-based High-capacity Li-containing Anodes for Lithium-ion Batteries

The emergent Li-containing alloys（Li_xM_y， M refers to metal or nonmetal element that can react with Li to form alloys） is a class of promising electrode materials for next-generation high energy lithium-ion batteries. They deliver high theoretical specific capacities that are several times that of current graphite and can act as active lithium suppliers that are different from traditional lithium-free alloy anodes（Si， Sn， P， etc.）. The Li_xM_y anodes can pare with high-capacity Li-free cathodes（such as Sulfur， O₂， FeF₃， V₂O₅， etc.） to develop a new full battery system. In this paper， researches on Li-containing alloy-based high-capacity anodes Li_xM_y（e.g.， Li_4.4Si， Li_4.4Sn， Li₃P， Li_2.25Al， etc.） were reviewed. Scientific challenges and technical difficulties of Li_xM_y anodes were systematically analyzed and discussed. Various methods for materials synthesis and electrodes fabrication were summarized. Furthermore， various full-cell configurations based on Li_xM_y anodes were introduced， including Li-ion batteries（LIBs）， Li-ion-sulfur batteries（LISBs）， and Li-ion-oxygen batte-ries（LIOBs）. Moreover， research strategies and achievements on addressing the challenges of Li_xM_y anodes and improving their performance were discussed， including composition adjustment， surface coating， material composite， electrode treatment， and electrolyte engineering， etc. Also， perspectives and new insights for the future development of Li_xM_y anodes are proposed.